The Lancastrian Vauxs

The Wars of the Roses

From time to time my children ask me about our ancestors. Have we got a pirate in our family tree? Did we have someone at Waterloo? Were we part of the Raj?

Recently my daughter Charlotte wondered if our family had supported the Lancastrians or the Yorkists in the Wars of the Roses. The short answer of course, is ‘Yes, very likely’. The war started in 1455 and continued for over thirty years, so given the usual pattern of branching genealogical descent it is probable that we had forebears on both sides.

The Vauxs

The English civil wars known as the Wars of the Roses, fought over whether the House of Lancaster or the House of York should control the English throne, began in 1455 and continued for 30 years.

 “Plucking the Red and White Roses in the Old Temple Gardens” by Henry Albert Payne (1868-1940) based upon a scene in Shakespeare’s Henry VI. Retrieved from Wikipedia.

My fifteenth great grandfather William Vaux (1435 – 1471) supported the Red Rose of Lancaster, but when the Yorkists won a series of battles in 1461 Vaux was convicted of treason and his lands were confiscated, including his principal manor at Harrowden in Northamptonshire. He was killed at the Battle of Tewkesbury on 4 May 1471. (Last year we visited Tewkesbury Abbey and looked at the nearby battlefield. Perhaps unsurprisingly, the name William Vaux seems to have gone unrecorded there.)

Tewkesbury Abbey

Vaux left a widow, Katherine, and at least two children: Nicholas (born about 1460, my 14th great grandfather) and Jane or Joan.

Katherine, a lady of the household of Queen Margaret, was with the Queen when she was taken prisoner by King Edward IV after the battle, and she stayed by the Queen during her imprisonment in the Tower of London. On the Queen’s release in 1476 Katherine went with her into exile.

Illumination from the Books of the Skinners Company : Queen Margaret of Anjou, wife of King Henry VI – the picture commemorates the Queen’s entry into the fraternity about 1475/6. Image retrieved from Wikipedia. It is suggested in the book “Middle Aged Women in the Middle Ages“ that the lady in waiting is possibly Katherine Vaux.

Nicholas Vaux and his sister Joan were brought up in the Lancastrian household of Lady Margaret Beaufort, mother of King Henry VII.

It seems likely that Nicholas Vaux fought under Margaret Beaufort’s husband, Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby, at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. This of course was the decisive battle which put the Lancastrian Henry Tudor on the throne as King Henry VII. The defeated King Richard III, who Shakespeare has crying ‘a horse, a horse, my kingdom for a horse’, was killed. (In 2012 his skeleton, identified by DNA, was unearthed beneath a carpark in Leicester.)

Battle of Bosworth Field by Philip James de Loutherbourg retrieved from Wikipedia

Nicholas Vaux prospered under the new king. His family property was restored to him, he was frequently at court, and he held a number of official positions, one of them the important command of Guisnes in 1502. Guisnes, an English possession, was a castle six miles south of Calais.

Guisnes castle pictured in a 1545 painting of The Field of the Cloth of Gold (see below)

Nicholas Vaux is said to have spent the summer months in Guisnes and the autumn and winter in England.

Nicholas’s sister Joan became governess to Henry VII’s daughters. Joan’s first marriage in 1489 was attended by the King and Queen.

When Henry VIII ascended the throne in 1509, Nicholas Vaux continued to be active at court. In 1511 he entertained the king at the Vaux estates in Harrowden. Among other roles Vaux was a royal ambassador to France in 1514 and 1518.

The Field of the Cloth of Gold

In 1520 Nicholas Vaux served as one of three commissioners responsible for a formal meeting between King Henry VIII of England and King Francis I of France, staged as a tournament. The summit, which ran for 18 days between 7 June and 24 June was arranged to strengthen the bond of friendship between the two kings.

The tournament was a magnificent royal spectacle which from the richly embroidered fabrics of the tents and costumes became known as the Field of the Cloth of Gold.

The Field of the Cloth of Gold, oil painting of circa 1545 in the Royal Collection at Hampton Court. Henry VIII on horseback approaches at bottom left. Retrieved from Wikipedia. Guisnes Castle is to the left of the temporary palace which has a wine fountain in its forecourt.

In just over two months, a huge English workforce erected several thousand tents, built a tiltyard (or tournament arena) for jousting and armed combats, and constructed a vast temporary palace of 10,000 square metres to accommodate the English King.

The feasting and entertainments were extraordinarily lavish.  “Each king tried to outshine the other, with dazzling tents and clothes, huge feasts, music, jousting and games.” 12,000 people attended. The English accounts English food and drink accounts showed provisions of nearly 200,000 litres of wine (wine was flowing from two fountains) and 66,000 litres of beer; the English food supplies included 98,000 eggs, more that 2,000 sheep, 13 swans, and 3 porpoises.

Both kings took part in the tournaments. “While the carefully established rules of the tournament stated that the two kings would not compete against each other, Henry surprisingly challenged Francis in a wrestling match, but it turned sour for Henry when he quickly lost.”

Vaux’s marriages

Vaux married twice.

His first wife, Elizabeth Fitzhugh (died 1507) was the widow of Sir William Parr (died 1483; her granddaughter Catherine Parr through her first marriage became the sixth wife of Henry VIII).  Elizabeth was the niece of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick (known to history as Warwick the Kingmaker). The Lancastrian Vaux’s first marriage was thus to a Yorkist.

His second wife, Anne Greene, was the sister of Maud Parr nee Green, who was the wife of Thomas Parr who was the son of Nicholas’s first wife. Maud was the mother of Catherine Parr. Anne Greene was the sister of Nicholas Vaux’s first wife’s daughter-in-law Maud.

Abbreviated family tree showing the two wives of Nicholas Vaux (c 1460 – 1523).
Vaux’s first wife was grandmother and his second wife was aunt to Catherine Parr who married King Henry VIII in 1543.

In May 1522 England was at war with France and Vaux was at Guisnes ensuring its defence. In September 1822 he was reported to be “very sore”: either sick or wounded. He returned to England and died on 14 May 1523 at the hospital of St. John, Clerkenwell, London.

Nicholas Vaux had three surviving daughters by his first marriage and two surviving sons and three surviving daughters by his second marriage. His oldest son Thomas inherited the title and was also at court.

Nicholas Vaux is a minor character in Shakespeare’s Henry VIII. He has four lines directing a barge to be prepared to ferry Buckingham to his execution. It has been observed that Vaux showed ‘his humanity and respect for the Duke by ordering that the barge to convey him to his death be properly decorated to reflect the Duke’s status’.

Sources

• VAUX, Sir Nicholas (c.1460-1523), of Great Harrowden, Northants. History of Parliament Online.  https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1509-1558/member/vaux-sir-nicholas-1460-1523
• Niebrzydowski, Sue (2011). Middle-aged Women in the Middle Ages. DS Brewer. page 88.
• King, T., Fortes, G., Balaresque, P. et al. Identification of the remains of King Richard III. Nat Commun 5, 5631 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6631
• Russell, J.G. (1969). Field of Cloth of Gold: men and manners in 1520. London: Routledge. Retrieved from archive.org.
• The Field of cloth of gold. Historic Royal Palaces. https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/history-and-stories/the-field-of-cloth-of-gold/
• Who’s Who in Shakespeare’s Henry VIII: Chapter 6 : Nevill – Vaux. Tudor Times. https://tudortimes.co.uk/people/whos-who-in-shakespeares-henry-viii/nevill-vaux

R is for Runnymede

I learnt most of the little English history I know from a comical book in verse, first published in 1932, called ”Kings and Queens” by the playwright and critic Herbert Farjeon (1887 – 1945) and his sister Eleanor (1881 – 1965), a children’s writer. (Early editions have wonderful illustrations by Rosalind Thornycroft.) My father had ”Kings and Queens” when he was a child.

When Greg and I go to England in May we will visit Runnymede, where bad King John was made to sign the Magna Carta.

This is the ”Kings and Queens” account of it:

John, John, bad King John
Shamed the throne that he sat on.

…
So the Barons brought a Deed
Down to rushy Runnymede,
Magna Carta was it hight,*
Charter of the People’s Right,
Framed and fashioned to correct
Kings who act with disrespect –
And with stern and solemn air,
Pointing to the parchment there,
‘Sign! Sign! Sign!’ they said,
‘Sign, King John, or resign instead!’

King John (r. 1199 – 1216) was my 24th great grandfather (many millions of people have him as an ancestor, of course).

The Magna Carta (originally known as the Charter of Liberties) of 1215, written in iron gall ink on parchment in medieval Latin, using standard abbreviations of the period, authenticated with the Great Seal of King John. The original wax seal was lost over the centuries. This document is held at the British Library and is identified as “British Library Cotton MS Augustus II.106”

The Magna Carta, which King John signed in 1215, means ‘Great Charter’. It established the principle in the English system of justice that everybody, including the king, was subject to the law. The Magna Carta had 63 clauses, most of them dealing with specific grievances associated with taxation. For example, the Charter demanded the removal of fish weirs from the Thames, the Medway and throughout England; the dismissal of several royal servants; and the standardisation of various weights and measures. However, there were clauses that established more fundamental values, and these have lasted for 800 years. For example the 39th clause gave all ‘free men’ the right to justice and a fair trial. The third clause is the most famous:

No free man shall be seized or imprisoned, or stripped of his rights or possessions, or outlawed or exiled, or deprived of his standing in any other way, nor will we proceed with force against him, or send others to do so, except by the lawful judgement of his equals or by the law of the land. To no one will we sell, to no one deny or delay right or justice.

A council of 25 barons, known as the Surety Barons, was appointed under clause 61 to monitor King John’s conduct. Somewhat surprisingly none of the barons were bishops or otherwise high in the hierarchy of the Church. The process of appointment is not known, but the names were apparently drawn almost exclusively from among John’s more active opponents.

Wikitree, an online collaborative worldwide family tree, has a project devoted to the Magna Carta. At this online tree I searched for my connection the Surety Barons using Wikitree’s relationship finder (this link and the links below are connected to my Wikitree profile. You can find out your connection to the barons by substituting your own Wikitree profile I.D.). Seventeen of the original 25 have known descendants past the fourth generation. I am related to all 17:

• William d’Aubigny: my 23rd great grandfather through my Chauncy forebears
• Hugh & Roger le Bigod: my 26th and 27th great grandfathers through my Dana > Kinnaird > Gordon forebears
• Henry de Bohun: my 26th great grandfather through my Dana > Kinnaird > Gordon forebears
• Gilbert & Richard de Clare: my 27th and 28th great grandfathers through my Dana > Kinnaird > Gordon forebears
• John Fitz Robert: my 25th great grandfather through my Dana > Kinnaird > Gordon forebears
• Robert FitzWalter: my 25th great grandfather through my Dana > Kinnaird > Gordon forebears
• William de Huntingfield: my 27th great grandfather through my Dana > Kinnaird > Gordon forebears
• John de Lacy: my 24th great grandfather through my Chauncy forebears
• William de Lanvallei: my 24th great grandfather through my Mainwaring > Pye > Crewe>Vaux forebears
• William Malet: my 25th great grandfather through my Dana > Kinnaird > Gordon forebears
• William de Mowbray: my 24th great grandfather through my Mainwaring > Pye > Crewe>Vaux forebears
• Saer de Quincy: my 26th great grandfather through my Dana > Kinnaird > Gordon forebears
• Robert de Ros: my 27th great grandfather through my Dana > Kinnaird > Gordon forebears
• Geoffrey de Say: my 24th great grandfather through my Dana > Kinnaird > Gordon forebears
• Robert de Vere : my 25th great grandfather through my Dana > Kinnaird > Gordon forebears

I am apparently descended from all of the barons who had descendants, but through three different lines: my Dana, Mainwaring and Chauncy lines. Many of the barons were related. I haven’t confirmed all the links myself yet. In using the pedigrees on Wikitree I depend on the work of other people, of course, and this is possibly not completely reliable.

The Wikitree project uses the work of Royal Ancestry: a Study of Colonial & Medieval Families by Douglas Richardson (2013), Volumes 1-5, and in Magna Carta Ancestry: a Study of Colonial & Medieval Families, also by Douglas Richardson (2011). These works focus on American colonists with Magna Carta ancestry and well-documented ancestral lines. Both my Dana and Chauncy lines are American colonial lines and are well documented, though in fact the Dana connections to the barons are not American colonial but Scottish.

I have potentially 67,108,864 24th great grandparents. The actual number will be a lot smaller because of pedigree collapse: the number of distinct ancestors reduces quickly when cousins, including distant cousins, have children together.

The number of descendants from those 24th, 25th, 26th, and 27th great grandparents is staggering. Some lines do die out, for example, 8 of the 25 surety barons are believed not to have descendants, but many millions of people are descended from those few people who signed a vow to enforce Magna Carta in 1215.

Sometimes I wonder why–or whether–genealogy matters. Establishing family connections is a sort of historical jigsaw puzzle, and I enjoy puzzles, but my interest in the Magna Carta really derives from its significance as a cornerstone of English – and so, Australian – law, not because of my remote connection to King John and the Surety Barons.

The Magna Carta Memorial includes a pillar of English granite on which is inscribed “To commemorate Magna Carta, symbol of Freedom Under Law”. The memorial was created by the American Bar Association (ABA) and was unveiled on 18 July 1957 at a ceremony attended by American and English lawyers. The memorial stands in the meadow known historically as Long Mede: it is likely that the actual site of the sealing of Magna Carta lay further east, towards Egham and Staines.

Footnote

* ‘Hight’ means ‘called’, or ‘named’.

Sources

• http://hua.umf.maine.edu/Reading_Revolutions/MagnaCarta/index.html
• https://www.bl.uk/magna-carta/articles/magna-carta-an-introduction
• https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Category:Surety_Barons

H is for Hastings

My husband was born on 14 October. On the same day in 1066, there was another great event in English history: a Norman Duke, William, won a decisive battle against the Anglo-Saxon King Harold and took the English throne.

Bayeaux tapestry: Duke William raises his helmet so as to be recognized on the battlefield of Hastings. Eustace II, Count of Boulogne points to him with his finger.

 

The previous King, Edward the Confessor, had died in January 1066. Both Harold and William claimed the crown.

On 28 September, to enforce his claim, William landed an invading force at Pevensey, near Hastings.

Harold was threatened on two fronts. Norwegian invaders under King Harald Hardrada, supported by Harold’s brother Tostig, were attacking in the north. On 20 September, at the Battle of Stamford Bridge, near York, Harold and his army defeated and killed Harald Hardrada and Tostig. Then, to confront the invading army of William Duke of Normandy, Harold was forced to march his army the 260 miles from Stamford Bridge south to Hastings.

By 13 October the two armies, William’s, with 10,000 men, and Harold’s, with 7,000, were camped within sight of each other. The invading force was half infantry, a quarter cavalry and the rest archers. Harold’s army was almost entirely infantry, with very few archers. Greg notes that none were wearing proper eye protection.

The battle began with Harold’s army lined up defensively along the ridge now occupied by the buildings of Battle Abbey. The English front, in the form of a shield-wall, stretched for almost half a mile. A shield-wall – soldiers in close formation with overlapping shields – was considered almost impervious to cavalry, but left little room for manoeuvre.

William’s army was south of the Anglo-Saxon force, on a hillside above the marshy valley bottom. His army was arranged in three ranks: archers in front, then infantry, and behind them mounted knights.

In the first exchanges, William’s cavalry made little impact on the Saxon defensive wall of shields. William’s army employed some tricky tactics: at least twice the Normans pretended to flee in mid-battle, to encourage the English to break ranks and pursue them. The turning point in the battle came when Harold was killed, according to legend shot in the eye by an arrow.

Bayeux Tapestry – Scene 57: the death of King Harold at the Battle of Hastings. Titulus: HIC HAROLD REX INTERFECTUS EST (Here King Harold is slain)

 

Nearly a thousand years later it can be hard to say with certainty what happened and where. However, it seems likely that the Battle of Hastings was fought on the site where Battle Abbey now stands. An obituary of William the Conqueror in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and written before 1100 by an Englishman who describes himself as having lived at the king’s own court tells us:  ‘On the very spot where God granted him the conquest of England, he caused a great abbey to be built’.

On a trip to France in 2003, we saw the Bayeux Tapestry, which depicts seventy-five scenes from the events leading up to the Norman conquest, culminating in the Battle of Hastings and Harold’s death: ‘Harold Rex interfectus est’ (Here King Harold is slain).

I can trace my genealogy back to William I of England who was one of my 28th grandfathers. Many millions of people are descended from William. My descent is through my Mainwaring forebears.

Sources

• https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/1066-and-the-norman-conquest/what-happened-battle-hastings/
• https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/1066-battle-of-hastings-abbey-and-battlefield/history-and-stories/battle-of-hastings-location/
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings
• https://www.historyextra.com/period/norman/reassessing-william-the-conqueror/
• Dennis, C. ‘The Strange Death of King Harold II’, The Historian (Spring 2009), 14–18 retrieved from https://www.history.org.uk/primary/resource/2530/the-strange-death-of-king-harold-ii-propaganda-an .
• Morris, Marc ‘1066: The limits of our knowledge’, The Historian (Spring 2013 issue 117), 12 – 15 retrieved from https://www.history.org.uk/secondary/resource/6408/1066-the-limits-of-our-knowledge
• http://www.marcmorris.org.uk/p/films.html
• Cavenagh-Mainwaring, James Gordon The Mainwarings of Whitmore and Biddulph in the County of Stafford. An account of the family, and its connections by marriage and descent; with special reference to the Manor of Whitmore. J.G. Cavenagh-Mainwaring, about 1935
• John Burke (1848). The Royal Families of England, Scotland, and Wales, with Their Descendants, Sovereigns and Subjects: By John Burke & John Bernard Burke. In Two Volumes. I. Churton. pp. 24–25.

U is for Unibic biscuit tin

My great grandfather Constantine Trent Champion de Crespigny (1882-1952) served as a doctor in World War 1.

In 1917 he was in charge of the 1st Australian General Hospital in Rouen which dealt with general battle casualties. On 9 July 1917 Her Majesty Queen Mary visited the hospital. She was photographed with my great grandfather inspecting an honour guard of nurses.

Rouen, France. 9 July 1917. Her Majesty Queen Mary visiting No. 1 Australian General Hospital (1AGH). HM is accompanied through a guard of honour of nurses of the Australian Army Nursing Service (AANS) by the hospital’s commanding officer, Colonel Trent Champion de Crespigny DSO. Temporary wards and tents are on both sides of the path and patients in hospital uniform look on. Australian War Memorial photograph id K00019

That photograph has been reproduced on a biscuit tin a hundred years later ‘in honour of ANZAC Day and in remembrance of the nurses who served in the war.’

photograph taken in Woolworths supermarket, Ballarat April 2017

The tins are filled with Anzac biscuits. The biscuit company promises that from the sale of the tins, which ‘celebrate the origin of Anzac biscuits, reminding us of the packages of love and care from home that helped buoy the Anzac Spirit in the trenches of Gallipoli’, will go towards service organisations such as the Returned and Services League (RSL).

Dr de Crespigny on behalf of the hospital at Lemnos dealing with the sick and wounded from Gallipoli, received tins of biscuits from Australia. The biscuits were probably not the Anzac biscuits we know today.

WATTLE DAY LEAGUE WAR EXTENSION WORK. (1915, November 18). The Register (Adelaide, SA : 1901 – 1929), p. 6. Retrieved from http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59989826

One of the earliest Anzac biscuit recipes was in a 1916 newspaper, winning 4th prize in a Western Australian recipe contest; 4th prize was an electroplated butter knife with an engraved handle.

Fourth Prize (1916, June 4). Sunday Times (Perth, WA : 1902 – 1954), p. 7 (Second Section). Retrieved from http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58013699

This 1920 recipe from the Argus is much closer to the recipe I have made. I don’t know about eating the biscuits with a spoon though.

 

KITCHEN AND PANTRY. (1920, September 15). The Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 – 1957), p. 7. Retrieved from http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4583769

the bought biscuits, not bad, but I normally associate Anzac biscuits with being home-made

The Unibic factory is in Broadmeadows, a suburb of Melbourne. The biscuit factory is over 60 years old and employs 170 people. In 2012 Unibic got into financial difficulties. The factory was threatened with closure but was rescued by a consortium of investors. The production of Anzac biscuits and the support of the Returned and Services League helped the company survive. (“Anzac Biscuits Factory Looking Forward To A New Future | Australian Food News”. Ausfoodnews.com.au. 2012. )

Related posts

• R is for No. 1 Australian General Hospital at Rouen
• No 3 AGH (Australian General Hospital) Lemnos Christmas Day
• Arthur Murray Cudmore World War I service
• F is for fundraising

52 ancestors: Whitehall June 15 1727

I thought I would look at the earliest record in the London Gazette of someone named de Crespigny. I assumed it would be the record of a military appointment.

Philip Crespigny (1704-1765) Attributed to Jean-Baptiste Van Loo – Date unknown … Owner/Location: Kelmarsh Hall retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/yourpaintings/paintings/philip-champion-de-crespigny-17041765-49144

I was surprised to find that this de Crespigny was my sixth great grandfather, Philip Crespigny (1704-1765), who had been present at the proclamation of King George II (1683-1760) on 14 June 1727.¹

King George II by Charles Jervas painted about 1727. Photograph retrieved from Wikipedia.

I realised I knew very little about my sixth great grandfather.

Philip was the fifth of six children of Thomas Champion Crespigny (1664-1712) and Magdalen née Granger (1664-1730).

Thomas, who had been born in France, came as a boy to England as a Huguenot refugee. He served in the English military. From 1689 he was a cornet in Lord Cardross‘ Scottish Regiment of Dragoons, a Lieutenant of Colonel Richard Cunningham’s Regiment of Scots Dragoons in 1695, and Captain Lieutenant of the Marquis of Lothian‘s Regiment of Dragoons at Jedburgh in 1703.² This regiment later became the 7th Queen’s Own Hussars.

Thomas married Magdalen, daughter of Israel Granger of Alencon in 1695 at St Mary Magdalen, Old Fish Street, London.³ Magdalen had also been born in France and her family were also Huguenot refugees.⁴

They had six children:⁵

• William (1698-1721)
• Marie (1699-1700)
• Jeanne (1700-1773), who married Gilbert Allix (1694-1767)
• Claude (1701-1703)
• Philip (1704-1765)
• Claude (1706-1782)

Thomas died on 17 July 1712. He was buried at St Marylebone, London.  His will, dated 1704, left all his goods to his wife Magdalen.⁶

The surviving children at the time of Thomas’s death were aged 14, 12, 8 and 6.

I wonder who helped Magdalen bring up her children? Was the family helped by her Granger relatives or by Magdalen’s de Crespigny in-laws?

Magdalen’s mother, Marie Granger, was a widow when she made her will in 1711.⁷ Magdalen’s father, Israel Granger, had died in 1700.⁸ Marie Granger left her estate between Magdalen and the children of another daughter, Marthe. Marthe had married Florand Dauteuil in 1699, at the Savoy Church in the Strand. Marthe had died before 1711 when her mother made her will. Mary Granger’s will was proved in 1713. It appears that Magdalen had no adult relatives on the Granger side of her family to support her.

Thomas’s older brother Pierre (1662-1739) was a lawyer. In her will, Magdalen leaves Pierre 200 pounds.⁹ In his will Pierre makes Philip and Claude his executors and leaves them one hundred pounds each.¹⁰ Pierre was the godfather of Claude, Magdalen and Thomas’s youngest son. Pierre did not marry and had no children. I think it very likely that Pierre helped Magdalen to raise her children.

Although we do not have the details, it would seem that the education of Claude and Philip enabled them to be successful: Claude as secretary of the South Sea Company, a major British trading company; Philip as a lawyer, who eventually became a proctor to the Lord Admiral, in addition to holding several directorships.

Philip and Claude had very successful careers despite the untimely death of their father and the fact that both their parents were Huguenot refugees.

……….

Notes
<sup>1. The London Gazette Publication date: 13 June 1727 Issue: 6590 Page: 1 retrieved from https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/6590/page/1 ↩
2. from page 22 of Huguenot and Scots Links, 1575-1775 Author David Dobson Publisher Genealogical Publishing Com, 2010 ISBN 0806352841, 9780806352848 Length 92 pages retrieved from http://books.google.com.au/books?id=sN1nOOPKqKsC&pg=PA22 3 February 2012 ↩
3. Name: Magdalen Granger Marriage Date: Feb 1695 Parish: St Mary Magdalen, Old Fish Street County: Surrey Borough: City of London Spouse: Thomas Champion Record Type: Marriage Register Type: Parish Register from London Metropolitan Archives, St Mary Magdalen Old Fish Street, Composite register: baptisms, 1664 – 1717, marriages, 1664 – 1712 and burials, 1664 – 1717, P69/MRY10/A/002/MS010221 retrieved from ancestry.com.au↩
4. de la Pinsonnais, Amaury. “La Famille Granger.” Histoire Et Généalogie. Amaury de la Pinsonnais, 13 June 2010. Web. 14 Jan. 2015. http://pinsonnais.free.fr/genea/?id=granger&page=2. ↩
5. de Crespigny, Rafe Champions in Normandy : being some remarks on the early history of the Champion de Crespigny family. R. de Crespigny, Canberra, 1988. page 9. ↩
6. Prerogative Court of Canterbury Wills (PCC): Thomas Champion De Crespigny Date of Probate July 1712 Date of Will 24th June 1704 Reference PROB11/527 retrieved from thegenealogist.co.uk ↩
7. PCC: Mary Granger Place of Abode St James Westminster, London Date of Probate March 1713 Date of Will 18th February 1711 Reference PROB11/532 retrieved from thegenealogist.co.uk ↩
8. London, England, Wills and Probate. Israel Granger, Middlesex, Probate date 1700. London Metropolitan Archives and Guildhall Library Manuscripts Section, Clerkenwell, London, England; Reference Number: AM/PW/1700/031 ↩
9. PCC: Magdalen Champion de Crespigny Profession Widow Date of Probate 9th October 1730 Date of Will 19th February 1730 Reference PROB11/640 retrieved from thegenealogist.co.uk ↩
10. PCC: Peter Champion de Crespigny Place of Abode St James Westminster, Middlesex Date of Probate 1st August 1740 Date of Will 10th August 1736 Reference PROB11/704 retrieved from thegenealogist.co.uk ↩</sup>